Jimmy Buffett free essay sample

What is the most ideal approach to end your mid year get-away? On the off chance that yousaid heading off to a Jimmy Buffett show on an ideal summer night, youre right! Iwent with a gathering of my dearest companions, and it was the best show I have everbeen to. The fun really began in the parking area. Show goers andeven non-show goers celebrated there throughout the evening. Vehicles were brightened withfins, explode parrot and shark toys, inflatables and umbrellas, everybody barbecuedand some even played in smaller than normal pools. The pre-show fun proceeded inside the gate,where artists and artists wearing unimaginable Jamaican ensembles strolled onstilts nn all over the passageways among volley balls hurled noticeable all around. Abarefoot Jimmy Buffett started singing immediately at eight oclock on a stagedecorated with bamboo hovels and palm trees. For the duration of the night he sang favoritessuch as Cheeseburger in Paradise, Margaritaville,Fins, Come Monday and Son of a Son of aSailor. He additionally had the crowd take part in a karaoke adaptation of one ofhis tunes. We will compose a custom article test on Jimmy Buffett or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page During the melodies, natively constructed recordings played on huge screens andlights flashed. With just a single ten-minute break, Jimmy Buffett played for morethan three hours. Throughout his break, a taped meeting played, giving the audiencea look behind the music. He talked about the motivations in his tunes, his life andtravels. The night was loaded up with so much energy and fun, Irecommend that anybody, Buffett fans or not, go to a Jimmy Buffett show nexttime he is visiting the area.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 17

Human Resource Management - Essay Example m of this examination is to feature the fundamental purposes behind the staff turnover and to prescribe techniques to lessen the staff turnover inside the association. Prior to moving into the organization and subtleties of the representative turnover, it is fundamental to get a short diagram of the general travel and the travel industry of UK. This will at that point be trailed by brief diagram of Thomas Cook and its workers and the significant reasons for the staff turnover. The UK travel and the travel industry is one of the biggest over the world. The nation has persistent inbound traffic from over the world. The nation has been perceived to have ‘league position’ as far as the worldwide traveler entering the nation just as the profit that the nation gains from the visitor (Visit Britain - Trends, 2010). The diagram beneath gives an away from of the country’s generally speaking abroad visits. The chart plainly shows that the meeting of the nation has brought by 11% when contrasted down with April 2009 (National Statistics, 2010). Anyway the reduction as far as the comparing time frame to the prior year has been a decline of 4% (Visit Britain, 2010). The above chart gives an away from of the global inbound travel. This diagram has been given to give a concise review of the country’s by and large travel and the travel industry showcase (Visit Britain - Trends, 2010). The following area will give a point by point outline of Thomas Cook and the issues being looked inside the organization, relating to the workers and the turnover rate. Thomas Cook is perceived to be one of the world’s best and most notable names in the field of movement. The organization was begun in 1841 and took into account one †day rail journeys. The organization has developed from this and has become the most famous organization over the UK. The organization manages a wide scope of administrations right now and these incorporate flights, lodgings, occasion bundles, travels and various city breaks. Thomas Cook has a wide number of workers and the organization

Borderline Personality Disorder and Identity Problems

Borderline Personality Disorder and Identity Problems BPD Print Borderline Personality Disorder and Identity Problems By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on August 19, 2019 Alessia Pederzoli / Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions Do you ever find yourself asking: Who am I? What do I believe in? What is my place in this world? If you do, youre not alone. Many people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) struggle with identity issuesâ€"one of the core symptoms of BPD. Plenty of people without BPD struggle with identity issues, too. But people with BPD often have a very profound lack of sense of self. If you struggle with the feeling that you have no idea who you are or what you believe in, this may be a symptom you can relate to. Understanding Identity Most experts view identity as your overarching sense and view of yourself. A stable sense of identity means being able to see yourself as the same person in the past, present, and future. In addition, a stable sense of self requires the ability to view yourself in one way despite the fact that sometimes you may behave in contradictory ways. Identity is quite broad  and includes many aspects of the self. Your sense of self or identity is probably made up of your beliefs, attitudes, abilities, history, ways of behaving, personality, temperament, knowledge, opinions, and roles. Identity can be thought of as your self-definition; it’s the glue that holds together all of these diverse aspects of yourself. Why Identity Is Important Having a sense of identity serves many different functions. First, if you have a strong identity, it allows you to develop self-esteem. Without knowing who you are, how can you develop a sense that you are worthwhile and deserving of respect? In addition, a strong identity can help you to adapt to changes. While the world around you is constantly changing, if you have a strong sense of self, you essentially have an anchor to hold you while you adapt. Without that anchor, changes can feel chaotic and even terrifying. How to Deal With Low Self-Esteem When You Have BPD The Question Who Am I? and BPD One of the symptoms of BPD listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the standard for diagnosing mental conditions, is identity disturbance, or a markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.?? People with BPD often report that they have no idea who they are or what they believe in. Sometimes they report that they simply feel non-existent. Others even say that they are almost like a chameleon in terms of identity; they change who they are depending on their circumstances and what they think others want from them. For example, you might find yourself being the life of the party at social events, but having a somber and serious demeanor at work functions. Of course, everyone changes their behavior to some degree in different contexts, but in BPD this shift is much more profound. Many people with BPD say that in addition to behavior, their thoughts and feelings change to match the current situation. Identity problems in BPD are sometimes called identity diffusion. This refers to difficulties determining who you are in relation to other people.?? Some people with BPD may describe this as having difficulties understanding where you end and the other person begins. As a result, many people with BPD struggle to set up and maintain healthy personal boundaries and have difficulties in their interpersonal relationships. Why People With BPD Have Identity Problems Unfortunately, there has been very little research on the identity problems associated with BPD, but there are many theories as to why people with BPD often struggle with identity. For example, Marsha Linehan, Ph.D., a leading BPD researcher and the founder of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), believes you develop an identity by observing your own emotions, thoughts, and feelings, in addition to others’ reactions to you.?? If you have BPD and the associated emotional instability, impulsive behavior, and dichotomous thinking, you may have difficulty forming a coherent sense of self because your internal experiences and outward actions are not consistent. In addition, many people with BPD come from chaotic or abusive backgrounds,?? which may contribute to an unstable sense of self. If you determine who you are based on others’ reactions to you, and those reactions have been unpredictable and/or scary, you have no framework for developing a strong sense of identity. Another potential factor is being able to think about the mental states of yourself and others regarding dreams, thoughts, emotions, and goals, known as mentalizing, which is difficult for those with BPD.  One study  published in 2017 showed that this problem with mentalizing may play a key role in why people with BPD struggle so much with identity diffusion and interpersonal relationships.?? How to Find Yourself So how do you go about answering the question, “Who am I?” Of course, there is no magic solution for identity problemsâ€"these issues are complicated. However, most treatments for BPD include components that can help you to begin to discover who you are and what you stand for. The first step in finding yourself is finding a good therapist who can help you work on identity problems. In addition, there are ways that you can work on identity issues on your own. You can begin to discover what you view as meaningful in your life. The act of categorizing and defining these areas can help you start on a path to discovering whats most important to you, which is a significant part of your identity. The Best Online Therapy Programs

EGT1 Task 3 - 1850 Words

WGU EGT1 Task 3 Student# In this essay I will discuss a few terms and how their relationships apply between regulation and market structures, as well as how regulation policies affect the market. A) There were 4 particular Antitrust Laws that were enacted with the primary purpose of protecting consumers, striving to achieve fair competition in the market place, and to achieve and allocate efficiency. The 4 Antitrust Laws that are major pieces of legislation are; The Sherman Act of 1890 The Clayton Act of 1914 The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 (which also includes an Amendment known as the Wheeler-Lea Act of 1938) The Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 (which is an Amendment to the Clayton Act of 1914) The†¦show more content†¦The Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 was an amendment to the Clayton Act of 1914 that particularly had to do with section 7 prohibiting competitive firms from merging and or from similar acts by one corporation from buying another corporations stock or physical assets (trying to act like a monopoly) which both lessen competition. The main purpose of this act was to prevent anti-competitive mergers and to close any loopholes. B) The intended purpose of Industrial or Economic regulation as applied to Oligopolies and Monopolistic market structures is used to reduce the market power of both! A government commission regulates the prices charged by â€Å"natural monopolists.† Industrial Regulation is necessary to prevent natural monopolies from charging monopoly rates which may harm consumers/ society. Industrial Regulation tries to establish pricing that will cover production costs and provide a fair amount of return to businesses. Price=Average Total Cost, where normal profit is accomplished. (governs pricing, output, profits in specific industries). 1) An Oligopolistic market structure is a structure where very few large businesses sell a particular standard Good or differentiated Good, and to whose market entry proves difficult. This in turn, gives little control over product pricing because of mutual interdependence (with the exception of collusion among businesses) creating a non-price competition meaning they are the ‘price setters’. A good rule to help classify anShow MoreRelatedEgt1 Task 3751 Words   |  4 PagesEGT-1 Task 3 Revised A. Summarize the four major pieces of legislation collectively known as the Antitrust laws. United States antitrust law is a collection of federal and state government laws, which regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers. The four major pieces of legislation known as the Antitrust Laws include: The Sherman Act, The Clayton Antitrust Act, The Federal Trade Commission, and the Celler-KefauverRead MoreEgt1 Task 3 Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pageselasticity of demand positive. v) On the other hand, with complementary goods such as hotdogs and hotdogs buns. If the price of hotdogs increase, then no one would by buns since both complementary making the cross elasticity of demand negative. 3) Discuss income elasticity as it pertains to inferior goods and to normal goods (sometimes also called superior goods). c) Income elasticity of demand measure change due to income only. If a person loses their job and in turn finds employmentRead MoreEgt1 Task 3 Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesAnthony J. La Salata BS, Business Management 3/1/2012 Student I.D. #000254042 My Mentor: Nicole Sandburg Cell# 1(360)941-4062 Arlington, WA –PST A. Summarize the four major pieces of legislation collectively known as the Antitrust Laws. United States antitrust law is a collection of federal and state government laws, which regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers. The main statute was the ShermanRead MoreEgt1 Task 11144 Words   |  5 PagesEGT1 Task: 309.1.1.05, 06 In business there are certain factors that have to be evaluated before a company can see if a profit has been made. To even get to the point where a profit will be made there has to be a product that is sold whether it is a tangible or an intangible product. There has to be something that the business is selling in order to make that profit. The amount of profit that is attained is the outcome of the total revenue minus the total cost. This will then show theRead MoreEGT1 Task31229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿EGT1 Task 3 Bachelor of Science, Business Management Student ID: Mentor: The scope of this paper is to break down and define social regulation, industrial regulation, and natural monopolies by explaining how they have impacted society and why they exist. It is also the intent to summarize the Antitrust Laws, explain the major functions of the five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation, and identify three  main regulatory commissions of industrial regulationRead MoreEGT 1 Task 22192 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Running head: EGT1 Task 2 EGT1 Task 2 Elasticity Western Governors University Element A: Elastic Demand, Inelastic Demand and Unit Demand Understanding the law of demand pertaining to the elasticity of demand with other things equal measures consumers’ responsiveness or sensitivity to change in price of a product. The measuring of the degree of change or percentage of change will result in either elastic, inelastic, or unit demand. Elastic demand or â€Å"elasticityRead MoreEgt12776 Words   |  12 PagesEGT1 Global Business Cross Cultural Differences in India Western Governors University India has become a global conduit for business as they have liberalized their economic policies over the past 20 years. Companies are flocking to India because of many factors, including, less expensive labor costs, increasing growth rate, and an abundance of a highly skilled workforce. These factors in addition to other advantages have substantially increased the number of United States businesses lookingRead MoreGreen Human Resource Practices : Barriers to implement Green HR Practices6100 Words   |  25 PagesLecturer GIFT University Gujranwala (Research Paper) Acknowledgement We start this research project with the Holy name of ALLAH ALMIGHTY, who bestowed us the ability potential to accomplish this task also gave us the command on this subject, which is impossible without ALLAH’s blessings. Than we thank our parents who always gave us support our respectable teachers specially our most respectable worthy teachers Mr. ABID AWAN and Mr. HASSAN

Firewall Security - 2321 Words

FIREWALL SECURITY This reports looks at what a firewall is, and how it works. It also looks at what security risks can be stopped by a firewall in a computer system. Most people think that a firewall is where all data traffic on the internet has to go through between networks, as shown in Figure 1.1 [pic] What is a firewall? In network security, firewall is considered a first line of defense in protecting private information. A firewall sits at the junction point, or gateway, between the two networks, which are often a private network and a public network such as the Internet. (John V. Harrison, Hal Berghel, 2004, A Protocol Layer Survey of Network Security). It is a system designed to prevent certain access to or from another†¦show more content†¦The purpose of the firewall is to monitor the connection state. It then decides whether to permit or deny the data traffic. If the data passed is not matched to the state of conversation, or if the data is not in the state table, then this data is dropped. This is called ‘stateful inspection’. Access authentication provided by firewalls For authentication, firewalls use different types of mechanisms. 1 – Firewalls use usernames and passwords. When a connection receives authentication and authorisation once, then the user is not asked this information again. 2 – Certificates and public keys are also used for authorisation and authentication. 3 – Authentication can be handled through pre shared keys. These are better than certificates as they are less complex and easier to implement. The time it takes to authenticate is the same whether it is a certificate or a pre shared key. A pre shared host is issued with a predetermination key which is used for authentication. There is only one problem with a pre shared key: that it rarely changes. There are many organisations that use the same key to manage multiple remote hosts. This could be a security threat for the organisation. If a host firewall is not successful in its authentication, then the packet will be dropped. Role of a firewall as intercessor A firewall can act as an intercessor to help with the communication process between two hosts. This process is known as Proxy andShow MoreRelatedFirewall And The Security Levels1172 Words   |  5 Pagesserved by network security. The security levels can be classified into two they are low level security and high level security. Network security includes many components and firewall is one such component that protects a network from various threats. Everything in the existing world has got faults with it, similarly there are certain flaws in the firewall policies (Wool. A,2004). Due to these flaws in the policies associated for the firewall, it results in two scenarios of firewall failure. One isRead MoreFirewalls And Infrastructure Security1201 Words   |  5 PagesFirewalls and Infrastructure Security A firewall is a network device, hardware, software, or a combination of the two, whose purpose is to enforce a security policy across its connections. It is comparable to a wall that has a window where the wall serves to keep things out, except those permitted through the window. A security policy acts like the glass in the window; it permits some things to pass, light, while blocking others, air. The heart of a firewall is the security policy that it enforcesRead MoreSecurity Features Of A Firewall1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe first requirement is that the company must install and maintain a firewall that is properly configured to protect cardholders’ data. All computer systems shall be protected from unauthorized access by untrusted networks. A firewall shall be always be used when entering the system from the Internet as e-commerce, employee Internet access through a desktop browser, employee-email access, a dedicated connection such as business-to-business connections, via wireless networks, or other sources. ThereRead MoreFirewall Security Policy Pathways Industries1367 Words   |  6 PagesFirewall Security Policy Pathways Industries Security Policy Pathways Industries defines its Security Policies based on the risk assessment performed for the security of its assets, partners, and clients to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of data. Compliance to these security policies by Pathways Industries personnel is mandatory. Any breech of these policies could lead to disciplinary measures up to and including separation from the company. Pathways Industries will provide trainingRead MoreFirewall Security Policy : Pathways Industries1367 Words   |  6 PagesFirewall Security Policy Pathways Industries Security Policy Pathways Industries defines its Security Policies based on the risk assessment performed for the security of its assets, partners, and clients to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of data. Compliance to these security policies by Pathways Industries personnel is mandatory. Any breech of these policies could lead to disciplinary measures up to and including separation from the company. Pathways Industries will provide trainingRead MoreComputer Network Security and Firewall Essay example2024 Words   |  9 PagesPrincipals of Information Security 4th Edition Questions Chapter 6 Questions 1. What is the typical relationship among the untrusted network, the firewall, and the trusted network? The relationship is that data is only limited to what firewalls allow via specific places called â€Å"ports†. There is the untrusted network on the outside, then the firewall which prevents unwanted or suspicious connections, and the trusted network is what lies within the bounds of the firewall. 2. What is the relationshipRead MoreTraditional Datacenter Security : Using Edge Firewall, Neutral Territories ( Dmz )814 Words   |  4 Pages7.7 Traditional Datacenter Security The saying datacenter has since a long time ago evoked pictures of huge server cultivates behind bolted entryways, where power and cooling were as imperative as system security to keep up dependability and accessibility of information. Edge security controls are the most widely recognized methodology taken for customary datacenter security. This methodology normally incorporates edge firewall, neutral territories (DMZ), system division, system interruptionRead MoreSecurity Policies And Firewalls Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity Policies and Firewalls Thesis Statement: This paper will try to prove that the improper management of firewalls and the lack of strong security policies used in enterprises will cause data breaches from within the enterprises. To try and prove this, the paper will shed light on various data breach scams that occurred to companies such as Target, Home Depot, Ashley Madison and OPM. It will also try to create a model for ideal security policy making for companies in the e-commerce domainRead MoreA Brief Note On Firewalls And Network Security954 Words   |  4 PagesJoshua Theophilus Jacqueline Stanton ITSA 255-4121 23 November 2015 Firewalls and Network Security The cyberspace has become a major concern to all stakeholders in view of persistent threats and attacks to IT infrastructures around the globe. Individuals, corporate entities and even governments have become victims of anonymous attacks in one form or the other. As a result of these, security professionals have continued to design and implement policies that can help protect valuable assets and vitalRead MoreNetwork Security : Complete Guide to Firewall2383 Words   |  10 PagesCONTENTS Introduction 2 – 3 What Is a Firewall? 3 – 4 Types of Attack 4 - 5 Firewall Technologies 5 – 6 Choosing a Firewall 7 – 8 Conclusion 8 – 9 Abstract The world is surging towards a digital revolution where computer networks mediate every aspect of modern life. Not many years ago, most computers were carefully guarded mainframes, held tightly in the hands of skilled professionals. The systems and their guardians combined to provide ironclad

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Running Speed in Dinosaurs

Introduction Dinosaurs refer to a wide set of animals that dominated vertebrates living on land for more than one hundred and sixty years since the end of Triassic era to the late Cretaceous era. The species of dinosaur began disappearing in the third incident of crustacean extinction event. According to reports from the fossils, avian developed from a group of dinosaurs called theropod in the Jurassic era (Paul 14). A few of the birds evaded this period including their descendants. Never the less, birds in some instances have been classified as dinosaurs.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Running Speed in Dinosaurs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are a set of animals consisting of more than nine thousand avian and perciform fish. Several kinds of avian dinosaurs have been identified, ranging from those that fly to those that do not fly. Fossil remains belonging to dinosaurs have been excavated in all p arts of the world. A few of the dinosaurs were carnivorous whilst others were herbivorous. Furthermore, some dinosaurs have been having two pedals, others with four pedals. Dinosaurs having two pedals assume the highest ultimate speed in running as opposed to those with four limbs. Never the less, some dinosaurs walking on fours sprint at a fast rate as opposed to their bipedal counterpartss. A case in point is the avian descendants which possess fast moving muscles of the upper arm which have evolved by time to form wings and can propel the dinosaur at very electrifying speeds especially under tension or when running after a prey. Most of the present day animals have their ancestral roots among the dinosaurs’ .The world’s main vertebrates that fly are the birds. In addition to this, most of the dinosaurs have been reduced in sizes and are said to make nests including laying eggs in the nests as well as flying at very high speeds. The first fossils were discovered in t he nineteenth century. Since the discovery, the remains have been preserved in various historic sites such as the museums. Every excavated remain has followed the same suite making museums rich of dinosaur remains. Dinosaurs have appeared in best-selling editorials as well as films expending their fast moving characteristics. New discoveries of the same have been aired by media on regular basis. More so, the eroding dinosaur image as ancient monster has attracted the use of ‘dinosaur’ into gaining entry into vernacular by describing anything that is obsolete, huge, tending towards extinction and slows in motion. Modern definition According to Phylogenic classification, dinosaurs refer to modern birds (Neortnithes), their recent ancestors’. Avian species have been characterized by presence of ostriches; these definitions encompass theropods, sauropodomorphs, ankylosaurians, stegosaurians, ceratopsians, and ornithopods (Paul 67). General description Dinosaurs can b e defined as land based archosaurian reptiles constituting of limbs erected below the body that existed during the end ofs Triassic and the end of Cretaceous periods. Most of antediluvian animals are purported to be dinosaurs (Paul 76). Dinosaurs constituted a large portion of animals living on land and which resembled mammals very closely.Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other sets of animals were very small and limited to the size of a rodent or cat. However, Repenomamus giganticus fed on infant dinosaurs. Since 2008, various dinosaur species have been identified. One of the Dinosaurs was found to be living in aerial or marine environments despite the fact that some theropods with feathers could fly. This simply means that some of the spinosaurids constituted of temporal aquatic characteristics. Physiology Most people studying the origin and evolution processes among dinosaurs ha ve given different opinions regarding thermal regulation which closely intertwines with speed in a given animal. Initially a hot discussion ensured with respect to the beasts ability to regulate the body temperatures. Currently studies have supported the fact that these eroding species existed in regions of low temperatures hence most of them had thermal regulatory mechanisms to counter the cooler climatic conditions. Hence, the argument concurs with those who asserted that the dinosaur’s ultimate speed during sprinting was very low; hence they were slow moving creatures. An example of this fossil is that of the polar bears found in Antarctica region. Discovery of avian fossils have also supported the thermal regulation concept among Neortnithes. The study of blood circulation among a set of avian dinosaurs is a true representation of all endothermic creatures. Theropods displayed an active lifestyle blood circulatory system that is characteristic of endothermic animals. Warm -bloodedness among many animals can result from various mechanisms. For example, Mammals and avian whose body sizes are average have been compared with endothermic dinosaurs. These birds make use of their energies to increase their body temperatures above that of the surrounding. Small sized avian have insulators in terms of presence of feathers and fat which aids in thermal regulation. Huge mammals like elephants, however, have a minute surface area compared to its volume which is in agreement with Halden’s principle. This feature enhances thermal regulation which resulting from the cooling of the body temperatures during hot seasons via flapping of the ears. This characteristic is important especially during running after a hunt. Dinosaurs speed The legs of human beings are up right with knees that are straight due to their vertical bodies that put the C.O .G (centre of gravity) in alignment with the socket of the hip. Since both the body and the head of the bipedal dinosau rs were kept level as well as ahead of the hips despite the long tail which countered the balance, the femur sloped in front in order to maintain the feet below COG.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Running Speed in Dinosaurs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This organization is however extremely represented in birds with short tails whose femoral bones are close to the horizontal line on walking so as to maintain the feet and knees a distant enough in front, hence during running, birds femur tends to strongly swing towards the back as opposed to the front (Martin 57). Two sets of dinosaurs namely the sauropods and the stegosaurs developed elephantine biased towards straighter-jointed columnar limbs. The knee structure was reorganized in that it maintained wholly articulated upright. More so, the mobility of the ankle was reduced whilst the hind limbs were kept short. This adaptation restrained the body from being pushed in to actual running irrespective of the size. For instance, young elephants always run at a slower pace as opposed to their parents in that at least one foot is always stack to the ground during high speed running. Dinosaurs with straight limbs should have been much slower in running than elephants whose speed is equal to or less than 15 meters per minute or 25kilometres per hour (Paul 245). Neither, is it an issue to ascertain that medium and small dinosaurs bearing lengthy, slender flexed hind limbs would run at similar speed to galloping mammals and terrestrial birds whose speed is between forty to sixty kilometers per hour. Challenges have been experienced in attempts to find out the highest speed in which heavy weight dinosaurs can attain. Some electronic technologies have claimed that tyrannosauras dinosaurs could attain a highest speed of approximately forty kilometers per hour equal to elephants of the same size which is the human beings sprinting speed. Since large tyrannosaurus had better running adaptations as opposed to elephants, there lacks a likelihood of this kind of creatures having been slow, furthermore, some individuals indicates that enormous theropods capability to run was twice that of similar sized elephants and that this speed was equivalent to that of the non-thorough bred horses and rhinos. Till date, the electronic analysis of dinosaurs locomotion processes in addition to storage of energy in the already stretched tendons of the limbs and springing resonance effect of the tail and torso. Neither, has it occurred that the capability of the programs used in finding out the speed could successfully ascertain extreme animals’ performance as well as estimate the modalities on which extreme dinosaurs which include the supersaurapods were able to maintain an upright posture with minimal movements irrespective of their huge bodies.Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is very important to note, however, this query has lacked answers for many decades (Lockley 12). It is even more depressing to think about all this mystery since track-ways indicate that the vast surapods were terrestrial never the less, their appearance looks irregular and their weight cannot give support to elephants whose speed is low and which bears a small body size. The supersaurapods needed super muscles and power to run across Mesozoic lands. They also needed pretty adaptations like well built fiber muscles as well as tendons that have already been tensed to undergo evolution so as to enhance movement. If their muscles were pre-tensed then it is obvious that the huge dinosaurs might have very high running speed as opposed to computer analysis results. General Anatomy and Speed The heads of the dinosaurs ranged from delicate structures to well formed structures. The sinuses or nasal passages were well constructed something that was very popular with the archosaurs. Most dinosaurs maintained prominent orbital openings, where as in others the opening was nearly closed off. As opposed to other mammals that consist of prominent face muscles, and just like avian and reptiles, dinosaurs did not have muscles of the head thus the skin was in direct contact with the skull. This adaptation makes it easier for head restoration in dinosaurs as opposed to other mammals. The outside nares are located in distant place from their nose despite the extent of the nasal cavity which extends in the exterior. Among some set of sauropods, the nasal cavity have been found extended in the anterior part of the skull, over the sockets of the eyes. Previously, it was said that this adaptation enhanced snorkeling of the dinosaurs during submerging. Recently it has been purported that retracted nasal cavities evolved so that it can protect them from irritation as they fed on cactus. Most of the vegetation constituted of soft vegetation and this adaptation really helped the dino saurs. The flabby nasal cavity extended interiorly such that nares on the exterior were positioned in normally close to the snouts tip. Nothing can proof that dinosaurs had proboscis. The skin that covers huge cavities in the orbits anterior of most of the dinosaurs smoothly extended to the exterior. The muscles of the jaw also protruded outside the cavities of the skull of the orbital sockets. Snakes constituted fangs that were trimmed sharply. Amphibians on the other hand had teeth that could be seen upon closure of the lips. The amphibians also did not have muscles that covered the mouth cavity. This adaptation seems to be satisfactory to many of the sauropods and theropods (Lockley 78). One distinct species is the spinosaurs whose arrangement resembles that of a crocodile with the front teeth spaced widely in different sockets. Hence this set of dinosaurs might have lacked lips and their ugly lips left uncovered on closure of the jaws. Ornithischians came up with embryonic teeth . In therizinosaurs and Ornithischians the beak was based on the anterior of the mouth where as in theropods including most of the avian the teeth were replaced by the beak. Most of the birds with beaks do not have lips and cheeks .Never the less; condors have diminished mouths due to the fact that their side jaws are protected by elastic tissues of the cheek which vary from muscles of the cheek covering side teeth. For sauropods and Ornithischians the side teeth were always inset, the surrounding cavities constituted smooth surfaces including the foramen which extending the soft tissues. This implies that the well structured elastic cheeks enveloped the side teeth. This adaptation is clearly spelt out in Ornithischians and the tissues of the cheeks some which underwent ossification especially among the ankysaurs where cheeks protruded towards the beak. The dinosaurs trunk vertebrae moved in various directions such as the dorsal convex or the straight line that varied from feeble to strong (Strickberger 57). The nature in which dinosaurs articulated more so during ossification of the tendons of the spinal meant that their backs were more stiff as opposed to those of lizards as well as other mammals though dinosaurs trunk vertebrae were not jointed. Dinosaur ribs seemed to be more perpendicular yet this varied from one dinosaur to another. The hips and the stomachs of the carnivorous theropods were tiny indicating the diminished digestive system and also their running abilities. Large carnivorous dinosaurs could fast during hunger and porch for prey afterwards hence their stomachs remained hollow during the time of hunting. On the other hand, herbivorous dinosaurs had enlarged hips and bellies which extended to the very extreme in that it adversely affected the fattest dinosaurs. The ankylosaurs shoulder blades were more warped along the extended axis so that it fits on the abrupt change from shoulders which were narrow to the bulged abdomen. The muscles of the trunk were made light and this adaptation enhanced their movement. The gastrointestinal system was made flexible to aid in swallowing of food. The tail and the hip inclined con the same line as they appeared in vertebral of the trunk. Amongst the sauropods and therizinosaurs, the tail and hip were upwardly flexed with respect to the vertebrae of the trunk. This enabled the trunk to be clutched strongly anchored upwards whilst the tail and hips maintained a horizontal plane thus an upright posture of the head was increased where as the dinosaurs ability to run on the hind limbs was maintained. Since most of this animal’s weight concentrated on their hind limbs apart from the tail which acted to counter the weight of the body, most the dinosaurs reared upwards including those whose forelimbs were longer than hind limbs. Assessing the speed of Dinosaur A critical aspect to note in finding out the power and speed of dinosaurs is limb muscles mass, which constitutes a bigger perc entage of the sum of mass in the high speed mammals as opposed to slow speed mammals (Paul 45). Lack of muscles on dinosaur fossils has made it difficult to accurately ascertain the exact speed of dinosaur, the best that can be done is just but finding an approximate figure which has had discrepancies from one researcher to another. The complicated muscles of the limbs of the existing mammals find their roots in the history of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs preserved the plain structure reptile muscles which are prominent till date. For instance, the main muscle which are still visible in most dinosaurs and reptiles but lacking in mammals and avian are caudofemoralis tail based muscles that aided in pulling the legs backwards at the time of propulsive stroke. Despite the fact the exact muscle dinosaur sizes cannot be identified, their comparative sizes amid various sets can be estimated. A case in point is the hips of the reptiles which consists of an undersized ilium in that the muscles of t highs are forced to be narrow restricting their size. The extended iliac of the mammals and avian hold a powerful and broad group of muscles of the thigh (Paul 56). The ancient prosauropods and herreraurs ilium was undersized hence must have consisted of very tiny muscles of the thigh. Some of the dinosaurs had deep and extended ilium holding a very large group of muscles of the thigh promoting sustaining power. To some of the dinosaurs the trend was very extreme. On the other hand, tyrannosaurids and ornithomimids which belong to the family of ostriches consisted of large pelvis demonstrating the presence of distinctively enormous muscles of the legs with the ability to produce enough power during high speed propelling. Longer hips were observed in ceratopsid dinosaurs which enhanced large hind limb muscles which promoted the fast fending off of the muscles. Surprising the large ilium lacked in saurapod dinosaur. This is due to the fact that this kind of dinosaurs did not have to m ove fast. This is the same issue with the elephants which lacked huge muscles beneath the knees due the fact that the limbs in which the shank muscles support immobile and short. This was true of stegosauras and sauropods. Fast moving animals constitute a huge stack of shank muscles that manipulate the extended long, movable limbs through the tendons. For bipedal dinosaur such as avian, huge collection of limbs that resemble the drumstick muscles beneath the knee anchoring on enemial like projections in front of the joints of the knees. Bringing back dinosaurs entirely makes their surface contours to be so simple in that their tails, limbs, and legs into to tubes that are simplified tubes and smoothing above the body topography. Among the saurapods, the neck vertebra protuberance, were prominent on the necks as they appear in giraffes. Since the oesophagus and the trachea of sauropods well held up amidst the necks and their cervical ribs, the lower part of their necks should have be en flattened. As opposed to two legged dinosaurs, four legged dinosaurs are huge with enormous body weights. The dinosaur’s skeletons were adapted to bearing heavy loads as opposed to running. The 3-toed two legged dinosaurs used to walk on twos. This is what the cursorial dinosaurs adaptation to running. This feature is important and it has been well brought gout gin the modern avian which are ancestors of coelurosaurian. Digitigrades features enhance the length of the limbs since the metatarsal bones contribute to the length of the leg increasing the animals COG. An example is the limbs of human being which are used for jumping or running, during running, the runners sprint on their toes. Estimating the Maximum Running Speed of Dinosaurs William Sellers and Phillip Manning attempted to find out the maximum running speed of dinosaurs using robot. In their finding they noted that multiple body simulations by use of approaches such as evolutionary robots seem to give steadfast estimates of the highest speeds attained by dinosaurs (Strickberger 87). For instance, multibody simulations, with minor variations in patterns of muscle activation as well as starting conditions resulted to constant estimates. The ultimate running speed in animals is very technical and poses a lot of challenges in estimating this parameter. This is because as far one might try to estimate using an animal on pace, the animal might not run as fast as it could run. Furthermore most of the estimated values of the running speed of animals are given with regard to the observation findings which were conducted under compromising situations. The ultimate speed of running among dinosaurs differs from one species to another. Whereas the situation may deem to be straight forward in humans in that the two hundred meter sprint may be above or below 0.1 of a second the maximum speed attained can exceed the normal speed by 12m/s. The situation in humans is apt for well known athletes with well b uilt muscles as opposed to the estimations (Paul 67). The above estimates concur with the biochemical techniques which estimate eighteen meters per second among ostriches and thirteen meters per second for emu. The differences in the mass of muscles affects the maximum speed and these changes have a great influence on the average speed of the dinosaurs. Another method of measuring the highest speed attained by the dinosaurs is by estimation the loading capacity of the bones and the value compared to the speed of the animals whose speed is known. Conclusion All in all, dinosaurs were ancient reptiles that existed during the reptile’s period. These creatures dominated the planet hundreds and hundreds of years ago and faded way as time went by and until now we can only see the fossils. Dinosaurs were terrestrial reptiles whose locomotion was on an erect posture. The most unique thing about the dinosaurs was the structure of their distinct hips that caused their hind limbs to pro trude beneath their bodies and not spread out from the sides (Martin 56). When these animals evolved from ancient archosaurs, they were pedaling on twos but evolved to quadric-pedals. The evolution of muscles and the hip structure an adaptation that has enhanced its locomotion and other characteristics. Dinosaurs have been purported to have been the ancient reptiles that ran at a lightning speed (Lockley 78). However, there lacks a clear evidence to ascertain this claim. Some of scientists have tried to estimate the maximum running speed of these animals using conventional robotic instrument with no success. Dinosaurs have evolved from time and time and from the distinct creatures birds, crocodiles have emerged. In evaluating the speed and power is the mass of the muscles of the limb (Martin 67). Despite the fact that the exact mass of the muscles of limb cannot be determined due to the absence of the muscles on the fossils, their comparative size amid various groups can be produced . Scientist has tried estimating the maximum speed of dinosaurs. Approximating the speeds of dinosaurs differ from one method of estimation to another. For instance, some scientists have argued that young children might out do their counterpart in running. The various methods of evaluating the ultimate speed that can be achieved by dinosaurs are the same techniques which can be put to task in evaluating the speed of the animals in today’s world. For instance, the dinosaurs walking speed range between four to six kilometers per hour to six kilometers the ultimate running speed has been purported to range between thirty seven to eighty seven kilometers per hour. The ultimate speed which has been said to be the maximum speed of the dinosaurs is the current speed of the fastest terrestrial Animals. This speed differs from one species to another and it is also dependant on the approach used. Each approach used has its own confounding factors that yield different results. Works Cit ed Lockley, Martin. Tracking Dinosaurs: a New Look at an Ancient World. Denver: CUP achive, 1991.Print Martin, Anthony. Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. Print Paul, Gregory. The Field Guides. New York: Princeton University Press, 2010.Print Strickberger, Monroe. Evolution. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning, 2005.Print This term paper on Running Speed in Dinosaurs was written and submitted by user Ashtyn R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.