Saturday, January 25, 2020
Sex Education As Intervention Against Teenage Pregnancy Social Work Essay
Sex Education As Intervention Against Teenage Pregnancy Social Work Essay Promotion of sexual health, and all Adolescence, the second decade of life, is increasingly recognized as a critical phase in the life course, especially from the health and social perspectives. The most challenging aspect of adolescence is sexual and reproductive health, as it is aspect of adolescence is sexual and reproductive health, the area that poses the greatest difficulty in maintaining adolescents health and implementing appropriate and effective interventions. For a start, there is a paucity of information and, if there is information, it is often uncoordinated and fragmented and not very useful for policy-making and programme interventions (WHO, 2005) Understanding human sexuality is a prerequisite to the promotion of sexual health, and all over the world sexuality remains one of the most problematic and dangerous aspects of person-hood (Wilson and Mcandrew, S, 2000). Professor Catherine Ingram of the school of Nursing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has defined sexuality perhaps more succinctly than most authors in this field. She describes sexuality as an important dimension of the human personality and sees it as being inextricably woven into the fabric of human existence (Catherine Ingram, 1990) The belief prevalent in the early part of the twentieth century, that sexual education of the intelligent adolescent was best served by one short, sharp talk- in the fifth if the school was enlightened, in the sixth if it was felt to be an unpleasant but unavoidable duty-was perhaps typical of attitudes to education in many other disciplines. Facts were enough, and sex was put over in a way similar to that used when dealing with the maps of the coalfields. The only difference was the special atmosphere which surrounded the short, sharp talk. It must often convey to its victim that these matters were unspeakable and no well-bred pupil would either need or investigate them further. This method had at least one advantage- it did not attract unfavourable critic from parents or education committees large because all concerned were much too embarrassed to mention it.      After the first World- war, pragmatic objectives in sex education become more apparent and by early 1930s several of our national agencies with the prevention the prevention of illegitimacy, the spread of knowledge about contraceptives and marriages guidance had begun. There was a small but interesting upsurge of intellectuals who nobly hid their embarrassments they discussed sexual matters with their children and solemnly left the bathroom door unlocked so that nudity could be rationally displayed. There were, however, even in those days, teachers in schools effectively relieving adolescent anxiety and ignorance about sex often under the name of human biology, wit equivocally worded syllabuses, and without a word to the head. Such strategies are still in use today.        The ironic evidence from research on the effects of fear-arousing information in connection with types of preventive health behaviour is that people tend to reject the information rather than change their behaviour (Radelfinger, 1965; Young, 1967) In 1936, Wilhelm Reich commented that sex education of his time was a work of deception, focusing on biology while concealing excitement arousal, which is what a pubescent individual, is mostly interested in. Reich added that this emphasis obscures what he believed to be a basic psychological principle: that all worries and difficulties originate from unsatisfied sexual impulse (Reich W, 1936) The existence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has given a new sense of urgency to the topic of sex education. In many African nations, where AIDS is at epidemic level, sex education is seen by most scientists as a vital public health strategy. Some international organizations such as Planned Parenthood consider that broad sex education has global benefits, such as controlling the risk of overpopulation and the advancement of womens rights. According to the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), 93% of adults they surveyed support sexuality education in high school and 845 support it in junior high school (SIECUS,1984). In fact, 885 of parents of junior high school students and 80% of parents of high students believe that sex education in school makes it easier for them to talk to their adolescents about sex. Also, 92% of adolescents report that they want both to talk to their parents about sex and to have comprehensive in-school examination. When sex education is contentiously debated, the chief controversial points are whether covering child sexuality is valuable or detrimental: the use of birth control such as condoms and hormonal contraception: and the impact of such use on pregnancy outside marriage, teenage pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs.) Increasing support for abstinence-only sex education by conservative groups has been one of the primary causes of this controversy. Countries with conservative attitudes towards sex education (including the United Kingdom and the United states ) have a higher incidence of STIs and teenage pregnancy (Monbiot, 2004) The proportion of women aged 20-24, who had a child before age 20 is a useful summary indicator that reflects the differences in teenage birth rates by country. This proportion is lowest in Sweden (4%), slightly higher in France (6%), much greater in Canada and Great Britain (11% and 15%, respectively) and highest in the United States (22%). Differences in the proportion giving birth by age 15 and by age 18 are also much higher in the United States than in the other four countries (Jacqueline et al, 2001) Teenage pregnancy is times is a factor of early sexual exposure. Immaturity, inexperience or risky sexual experience often results in the unplanned pregnancy. In the study carried, between 1980 and 1998, among men and women to determine the age of first sexual experience, women were found to be exposed earlier than men (figure 1). Figure 1. Proportion of participants younger than 16 years at first intercourse, by year of first intercourse. Teenage pregnancy in Europe : The incidence of teenage pregnancy across Europe varies considerably. The United Kingdom has the highest rate in Western Europe and is lower only than Bulgaria , Russia , and Ukraine in Europe as a whole. Throughout most of Western Europe, teenage birth rates fell during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s, but in the United Kingdom , rates have remained high-at or above the level of the early 80s. http://www.bmj.com/content/330/7491/590.full Figure 2: showing teenage pregnancy in 6 European countries over a 25 year period. The graph shows the trend over a twenty-five year period (1973-1995) There is a sharp decline in the United Kingdom figures and then a near steady value in the late 70s and early 80s, before gradually reaching a crescendo in 1991 and then a sharp drop towards the end of the survey. The Netherland has the least and was fairly constant throughout the study period. Germany , France , Ireland ad Italy had fluctuating values, but generally, there was a decline towards the end of the study. UNITED KINGDOM: In England and Wales , sex education is not compulsory in schools as parents can refuse their children take parting the lessons. The curriculum focuses on the reproductive system, foetal development and the physical and emotional changes of adolescence, while information about contraception and safe sex is discretionary and discussion about relationships is often neglected. Britain has one of the highest teenage pregnancy rate s in Europe and sex education is a heated issues I government and media reports. In 2000 study by the University of Brighton , many 14 to 15 year olds reported disappointment with the content of sex education lessons and felt that confidentiality prevents teenagers from asking teachers about contraception. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for channel 4 it was revealed that almost three in ten teenagers said they need more sex and relationships education. In Scotland , the main sex education programme is Healthy respect, which focuses not only on the biological aspects of reproduction but also on relationships and emotions.  Education about contraception and sexually transmitted diseases are included in the programme as a way of encouraging good sexual health. In response to a refusal bythe catholic school to commit to the programme, however, a separate sex education programme has been developed for use in those schools. Funded by the Scottish Government, the programme Called to Love focuses on encourage children to delay sex until marriage and does not cover contraception and as such is a form of  Abstinence-only sex education. It is important to recognise that for some young women, particularly from certain ethnic or social groups, teenage pregnancy can be a positive life choice. Rates of teenage pregnancy within marriage are high, for example, in some South Asian ethnic groups in the United Kingdom . However, for many other young women, the costs of teenage pregnancy can be very high, particularly when linked with poverty. These risks include poorer outcomes for the children of teenage mothers as well as for the mothers themselves.   http://www.bmj.com/content/330/7491/590.full Figure 3: showing the rate of teenage pregnancy in 17 European countries. A sex survey by the World Health Organization concerning the habits of European teenagers in 2006 revealed that the birth rate among 15-19-year-olds in the UK was 27.8 births per 1,000 populations. The graph shows, the United States with the highest rate of teenage pregnancy and Switzerland with the least. The United Kingdom has the highest rate in Europe, which is clearly above the average value in Europe FRANCE: In France , sex education has been part of school curricula since 1973. Schools are expected to provide 30 to 40 hours of sexual education and pass out condoms to students in grades eight and nine. In January,2000, the French government launched an information campaign on contraception with television and radio spots and the distribution of five million leaflets on contraception to high school students GERMANY: In Germany , sex education has been part of school curricula since 1970. Since 1992 sex education is by law a government duty. It normally covers all subjects concerning the growing-up process, body change during puberty, emotions the biological process of reproduction, sexual activity, partnership, homosexuality, unwanted pregnancies and complications of abortion, the dangers of sexual violence, child abuse and sex-transmitted diseases, but sometimes also things like sex positions. Most schools offer courses on the correct usage of contraception. A survey by the World Health Organization concerning the habits of European teenagers in 2006 revealed German teenagers about contraception. The birth rate among under 15- to 19-year-olds was very low- only 11.7 per 1000 population, compared to the UKs 27.8 births per 1,000 population and in first place -Bulgarias 39.0 per 1,000. FINLAND: Sexual education is usually incorporated into various obligatory courses, mainly as part of biology lessons (in lower grades) and later in a course related to general health issues. The Population and Family Welfare Federation provide all 15-year-olds on introductory sexual package that includes an information brochure, a condom and to be most effective when a multifaceted approach is used, as the problem is multiple determined and multidimensional. The interventions cartoon love story should not only focus on sexual factors and related on sequences, rather Interventions that are designed to reduce teen pregnancy appears they should include non sexual factors such as skills training, and personal development as well. Further, stakeholders including pregnant teens, parents, health sector, schools and churches should work together to devise programs that are practical, evidence based, culturally appropriated and acceptable to the target population. Boostma writing on Sex Education: Preparing Instead of Prevention, surmise that the teenage pregnancy rates has been (one of) the Netherlands for years now. Asking the question if Netherlands are hardly sexual active or if the Dutch promote abstinence from sexual intercourse? He asserts that in the Netherlands , there is not one specific governmental programme for teenage sex education or contraception. There is however, a lot of information about sexuality and contraception that is coming from all directions. Boostma believes that the Dutch approach attitude towards sexuality is one of tolerance, open mindedness and pragmatism and that studies from many countries that giving the message to young people not to have sex are having the opposite effects. The same account for countries where the subject sex is more or less a taboo to talk about. The Dutch concluded that many young people will have sex anyway, so they should be prepared for sexuality than to be prevented from it. This preparing attitude is coming from different levels of the society: The government through the National Health insurance pay for the contraception. Parents talk about sexuality and its consequence. The Mass-media (Television, newspaper, magazines, radio) addresses sexuality and sexual health. Schools give sexuality talk/sex education. There many accessible services for sexuality and contraception. These and other factors result in a tolerant and pragmatic attitude    towards sex make information and contraception accessible and explains the low rate teenage abortion or pregnancy. Sexual heath in the Netherlands means preparation instead of prevention. This preparation means that young people are stimulated to become sexually autonomous and can make their own sensible discussions. Up till now, the Dutch method has proven its effectiveness over and over again.           Ian Sutherland, who was director in the Health department of Britain in the early 80s co-authored a book, Health Education, perspective and Choices which dwells on the several choices available to people and the choices they make based on the information they have. The book analyses the different areas where choice is inevitable and the ideological basis for which certain choices should be made. Various authors contributed various topics on the theme Health education. The book first published in 1979 is invaluable as it coincide with the transition period of balancing health needs in Britain . The increased rate in teenage pregnancies and the consequence rise in abortion rates. It was also a period Britain was trying to establish formal curriculum on sex education. In an effort to include as much as possible, the authors referred extensively to a literature which begins with Plato. The authors tried to draw  the readers attention to as many authorities as possible, and so made attempt at bringing together in  one book the extensive libraries of health, education, and health education.     Crosby et al (2008) in a study titled, The Protective Value of Parental Sex Education: A clinical-based exploratory study of adolescent females compared the impact of sex education provided by parents to female adolescents against the same education provided by formal settings to female adolescent. They sampled females aged 16-24 years, attending an adolescent medical clinic in urban area of the south were recruited prior to examination. Each patient completed an anonymous self administered questionnaire. Data from 110 respondents were analysed to compare those who indicating they had learned about each of 4 topics from parents to those not indicating learning about all 4 topics from a parent. The same process was repeated relative to learning about all 4 topics in a formal education setting. The result showed that in controlled, multivariate analyses, adolescent not communicating with parent on all 4 topics were nearly 5 times more likely to report having sex partners in the past 3 months. Further, adolescents were 3.5 times more likely to have low self efficacy for condom use, 2.7 times more likely to ever using alcohol or drugs or sex and about 70% less likely to have ever talked about HIV prevention with a partner before engaging in sex. Differences relative to learning about all 4 topics in formal settings were not found out. Looking at works done recently in the United Kingdom, (SHARE: Sexual Health And Relationships; Safe, Happy and Responsible) included 8400 pupils aged 13-15years in 25 secondary schools in east of Scotland (Wight et al,2002) Questionnaires was completed at base line and follow up done 2 years later. The intervention was a new 5-day teacher training programme plus a 20-session pack: 10sessions were delivered in the third year (at 13-14 years) of secondary school and 10 in the fourth year (at 14-15years). The primary outcome for the study was use of condoms at first intercourse. Similar proportions of both intervention and control groups used condom at first intercourse with less than 105 of pupils reporting first intercourse without condom. For all other behavioural outcomes (condom use after first intercourse, oral contraceptive use and unplanned pregnancy) there were no differences with the groups. However, as with Martiniuks study in Belize, published in this issue of the internatio nal journal of epidemiology, pupils in the intervention group were more knowledgeable than those in the control group.(Martiniuk,2003). The Belize study was well designed in allowing for the clustered nature of samples both when calculating and the sample size and analyzing the data. Publishing the intra-cluster correlation will be good for planning future research. However, there are a number of weaknesses with the randomized procedures discussed by the authors in their paper. The imbalance between groups in the number of classrooms could have been overcome by a block method rather than the simple coin toss employed here. (Schulz and Grimmes, 2002)  There were considerable differences between groups at baseline in terms of gender and sexual experience. These data were not available to the researchers prior to the study starting. It may have been appropriate to allocate classes to intervention and control groups when the results from pre-test questionnaires were available. At this time an alternative randomization procedure such as stratification or minimization may have reduced the chances of imbalance between groups in the study (Pocock, 1984) Anna Graham noted that the factor with the strongest influence preventing teenage pregnancy is educational opportunity. It is well-educated women who tend to delay childbearing. For women aged 20-24 years the longer a woman remains in school the less likely she is to have a child before the age of 20. Adolescents with little schooling are often twice as likely as those with more education to have baby before their 20th birthday. For example, 46% of young Columbian women with less than 7 years schooling have their first child by the age of 20, compared with 19% of those with more education. The contrast is even greater in Egyptian, where 51% of less educated women have their first birth before the age of 20 compared with 9% of better educated women. She noted that the link between lack of education and early childbearing is also strong among adolescents in the US . Some 58% of young American women who receive less than a high school education give birth by their 20th birthday, c ompared with 13% of young women who complete at least 12 years of schooling. The report from the Alan Guttmacher Institute, from which these data came, suggested that low level of education is not necessary a direct cause of early child bearing, however, the two characteristic of living in impoverished and rural environments. She further argued that when school is the main source of information about sexual matters, like the cross-sectional surveys in the UK , early and unprotected sexual intercourse is less likely, compared with when other sources such as friends and the media dominate. She surmised that, the greatest impact to be made in reducing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections is to increase the time spent in education by young women worldwide. She believes this form of intervention is likely to change the role of women in society empowering them to avoid the adverse consequences of sexual activity.      The author in her work tried to justify the need for a comprehensive education over and above the micro aspect of education-sex education. Believing that with increased time spent acquiring education, a women is more likely to avoid the bad aspect of sexual activity. She had looked into certain aspects of form of sex education and did not really weigh each on its own merit. She probably relied on her experience to draw a far reaching conclusion.  Boostma writing on Sex Education: Preparing Instead of Prevention, surmise that the teenage pregnancy rates has been (one of) the Netherlands for years now. Asking the question if Netherlands are hardly sexual active or if the Dutch promote abstinence from sexual intercourse? He asserts that in the Netherlands , there is not one specific governmental programme for teenage sex education or contraception. There is however, a lot of information about sexuality and contraception that is coming from all directions. He believes that the Dutch approach attitude towards sexuality is one of tolerance, open mindedness and pragmatism and that studies from many countries that giving the message to young people not to have sex are having the opposite effects. The same account for countries where the subject sex is more or less a taboo to talk about. The Dutch concluded that many young people will have sex anyway, so they should be prepared for sexuality than to be prevented from it. This preparing attitude is coming from different levels of the society. He noted that the government through the National Health insurance pay for the contraception. Also parents talk about sexuality and its consequence. The Mass-media (Television, newspaper, magazines, radio) addresses sexuality and sexual health. Schools give sexuality talk/sex education.There many accessible services for sexuality and contraception. These and other factors result in a tolerant and pragmatic attitude    towards sex make inform ation and contraception accessible and explain the low rate teenage abortion or pregnancy. Sexual heath in the Netherlands means preparation instead of prevention. This preparation means that young people are stimulated to become sexually autonomous and can make their own sensible discussions. Up till now, the Dutch method has proven its effectiveness over and over again.  Perspective and choices which dwells on the several choices available to people and the choices they make based on the information they have is important in tackling the issue of teenage pregnancy. The different areas where choice is inevitable and the ideological basis for which certain choices should be made should essentially be based on informed choices. Health authorities have proposed several methods of addressing Health education. This was very significant, particularly during the transition period of balancing health needs in Britain . The increased rate in teenage pregnancies and the consequence rise in abortion rates is significant, particularly going back to the period Britain was trying to establish formal curriculum on sex education. Abortion seems to be on the increase in the United Kingdom , according to the office of national statistics in the United Kingdom , the proportion of conceptions terminated by abortion among under 20-year-olds increased slightly from 36 per cent in 1990 to 39 per cent in 2000. Over half (51 per cent) of all conceptions among under 16-year-olds resulted in a termination in 1990 and this increased slightly to 54 per cent in 2000. Legal abortion rates were highest in London and the West Midlands in 2000 and 2001. Similarly, the data collected by the agency noted a corresponding decrease in conception rate, it noted that, In 2000, the conception rate among females under 20 years was 63 per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 years. This marks a decrease in conception rates over the last decade that mirrors a general decrease among females of all ages. The exception however has been among females aged 13 to 15 years. Rates of conceptions in this group have remained consistent at between 8 to 10 p er 1,000 females from 1990 to 2000.  A likely consequence of abortion is decreased fertility and sexual infections, the agency equally noted a rise in sexual related infection within this time period, Genital infection with chlamydia trachomatis if untreated, is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and infertility. The diagnostic rate of genital chlamydia infection in females aged under 20 years old has increased since the mid-1990s. In 2001, the highest rates of diagnosed chlamydia seen in GUM clinics, were among 16- to 19-year-olds (1,035 per 100,000 females). Genital warts are the most commonly diagnosed viral STI. In 2001, 29 per cent of females diagnosed with genital warts were under 20 years of age, compared with only 10 per cent of males in the same age group. Rates of diagnosis among females aged 16 to 19 years increased by more than 15 per cent during the last decade and reached 680 per 100,000 females in 2001. Intervention in teenage pregnancy, need to among other things focus on improving contraceptive use, and initiate attitudinal changes and life style  likely to prevent pregnancy and sexual transmission infection transmission. This should involve long-term services and interventions, which are tailored to addressing the major causes of teenage pregnancy. This should be spelt in information, which are clear and unambiguous and may involve ideas which the youths relate with. It should also be home grown, in that it should relate with the culture or practices inherent in the society. This will start with identifying the risk group. There are certain categories among this age, which appear to be vulnerable. Vulnerability may be by choice or imposed due to social economic reasons or accessibility to health care, such as contraception use. Interpersonal skills development is vital in achieving this objective. Programmes and other educational facilities, which allow interpersonal development, should be explored, this will allow productive engagement. Clinic service for education and information, will also serve a vital role in checkmating the trend. As teenage will not only benefit, but the society will be better for it as well. Information dissemination is vital and there is the possibility of teenagers accessing this on their own, if encouraged to talk to health personnel or attend clinics for advice and education. Education in this sense should be all encompassing and structured to the need at hand. Constructive engagement and participation of all and sundry are v ital. Periodic review of methods is important in our ever changing world. Therefore, interventions should not just be in theory, but clear goals which are practicable should be outlined to follow the strategies mapped out. Outcomes envisaged, need to be weighed in relation to the input. The delicate age, adolescence confers on teenage, makes it imperative, to address peer pressure and to make leaders of peer groups participatory in addressing the problems identified. All this need be done in an atmosphere of trust and confidentiality. It is often difficult to identify sexually active individuals, therefore, the scope of the intervention need be broad-based to cater for all and sundry. This can be achieved by recruiting experts or people trained in working with youths, who have enough experience to deal with the challenges teenage present. Catherine et al 2003, working on reviews which looked at teenage pregnancy and interventional means of check in the scourge, surmised the intervention on socio-demographics, which addressed the various health, education and psycho-social needs of teenagers and their environment in tackling the problem. They found out that, there is mixed evidence for the effectiveness of school-based and/or teacher-delivered sex education. They are of the opinion that, the best chance of interventions being successful in this setting is when they are multifactor and address a broad range of issues, including self esteem, vocational development, and access to services. In the area of Clinic/primary care as an interventional means, they equally believe that, there is mixed evidence for the effectiveness of interventions that take place in a clinic/primary care setting alone, and that it will be beat, based on the literature search, that they are linked widely to other community and school services, and evaluated as part of a broader programme. They are of the view that, confidentiality is of utmost importance considering the age group. They also surmised that in the UK context, particularly on UK-specific services and settings, such as doctors who may be the first to see these individuals. On Education and information dissemination, there is mixed evidence for the effectiveness of educational approaches. It was found out that, the more positive outcomes, have been found for education based approaches which link directly to services offered. This also includes a broad range of skills to help improve confidence and relationships among teenagers Vocational development may also be useful. It is said that, programmes should be long term, sustained across school years, and be in place before teenagers become sexually active. It is also suggested that, there is the need to support young parents to continue their education to enhance educational and employment opportunity for parents, mother/child interaction, and social outcomes for children. Early educational interventions for disadvantaged children can improve long-term. The family is foremost in checking the trend and this is dependent on teenagers getting support from parents and families. Neglect has always been attributed as a cause of teenage pregnancy. This could be deliberate or due to pressure from social responsibilities from parents to support the family, often leading to children not getting enough or desired attention from their parents. They further found out that, community interventions should be developed with regard to local needs and existing services. There is some evidence that multi-factor interventions involving a degree of community activity or service may be effective at improving contraceptive use. On  school-based clinics., it is noted that, although, more research is needed on these as the evidence covered by reviews here was methodologically weak, They may be effective as part of multi-factor programmes, but clinic-based healthcare programmes for teenage mothers and their children can improve their health outcomes, if taken as a priority at all stages. The media and the Internet are often seen as social agents which are often not properly utilised, either as a child educator and form of entertainment, but also as a means of redeeming the problem. The study noted that much work has not been done in the United Kingdom , but again, further work is needed here for the UK . Skills, meant to give self-esteem are vital.   There is encouraging result for approaches that focus on these factors, particularly when they are part of a broad-ranging intervention. Peer education, is also important in addressing the core issues right from the onset. Abstinence, as an interventional means has actually, not been fully found to be effective, as there are little or no evidence for the e
Friday, January 17, 2020
Inventory management system Essay
Introduction Technology is simultaneously advancing together with what internet offers. Many system made by programmers and companies are innovating people look and need them via internet. One click, thousands results, probably millions or ever billions of different system. One button press brings people to new discoveries and massive enjoyment. A sales and inventory system is a system that can handle a company data. With this system, company will not easily lost their record of items and record of their daily, monthly or yearly income. Some companies have not yet developed their system like this, they still in the handing out of records manually, then write it on in an inventory book. Yet the main problem with the manual inventory is easy to lost, recording is slow and spend a lot time when doing it. With the sales and inventory management system, recording became easy and didn’t spend a lot of time. It can also print a receipt, records of items sold daily, record of stocks and it can add a new item or edit a price or designed. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The proponents design a Point-of-Sale and Inventory System to automate the transaction of ALMER’s Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation. This system helps the client to minimize the time in computing the amount to be paid by the customer and in tracking the supplies of the shop. The system is not a hassle for the client since the proponents designs the system in a user-friendly way. The ALMER’s Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation Point-of-Sale and Inventory System aims to make the work easier and comfortable. Computations and monitoring of the supplies and sales is fastened in this matter. There is consistency in accessing the reports since all transactions are saved in a database that later on generates the appropriate reports. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Companies are using inventory systems for quickly growth and success. Inventory systems have a variety of functions purposes in businesses. Promoting the sales and shrinkage control are two main functions of inventory system. Promoting the sales function deals with availability of sufficient products for the customers where a shrink age control function deals with monitoring the occurrence of damage loss, or theft, etc. of the products. The problem arises in keeping the transaction faster and convenient both in the staff and the customer. At the same time, the report may not be consistent enough since it is in written forms. Since the company is on its early stage, the existing system then is the manual one. A staff is designated in a certain counter of the shop that accepts the item/s purchased by a customer. Using a calculator, that staff computes the total amount due of the customers. That staff using receipt forms produces the official receipt manually. All transactions are managed manually especially the adding and updating the products available in the compay. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study aim to develop a Sales and Inventory Management System of ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation, this was the system that we would like to implement to be able to lessen the company’s human effort, to save materials, products, transaction of the company. This system can also print a receipt for a daily/weekly/monthly/yearly transaction records to serve as the company’s hard copy. It can also check the number of stocks that was recorded in this system every day. Specific Objectives 1. Create a Sales and Inventory system that include saving of stocks, transaction and printing of reports of ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation. 2. Design a Sales and Inventory system that can print receipt for the customer of the company. 3. Test and upgrade the system. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study is about the Sales and Inventory Management System. It is intended for the company wants have to keep their records or files in a long period of time. Adding new item/product: allow users to add a new product Adding of item stocks: only the admin is allow to add the number of stock. Printing of Report: allow users to print all report like weekly sales, all transaction, inventory report Sales and Report: allow user to print a report in daily, between dates and all transaction it also print a report of customer who are buying as installment. Create Transaction: allow user to create a transaction with receipt. Cancel Transaction: allow user to cancel transaction but it need an admin code. Transaction of Installment: allow user to view the customers that has a balance. Changing User: allow user to change account into other admin or employee. Changing Admin Code: allow admin to change the security code. Creating New Users Account: allow user to create a new user account but it need an admin code to register. There are two access levels of this system. The first and the powerful one is the Administrator. He She has the overall authority and access in the system. Another function of the administrator is that he/she maintains the system. The other one is the authorized employee that has the right of entry in the Point-of-Sale. He/She is the one responsible in accepting transactions from the customers. The administrator is providing all the usernames and passwords of the users of this system. The authorized user can to view and make an update with the reports generated by the system. The authorized user can define the date range of the report needed to view or update a certain report. He she is allowed to print the said report. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation and Inventory System is limited in terms of the devices used. The system is installed in a desktop computer instead to a touch screen monitor. The printer connected to it is an ordinary printer instead of a receipt printer. The system is not capable of accepting credit cards as a means of payment from the customer. Another thing is that it is not connected to a barcode reader that is used by different shops today. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To the Company – for their business transaction, keeping of records, adding of their stock and printing of reports. Inventory system will be proposed. To the User – this system helps the user to encode and print report easily. To the Customer – this system helped the customer to view their transaction. Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework Definition of Terms Application is a shorter form of application program. An application program is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application. Inventory is an application use for keeping records. Management is an act, art, or manner of managing, controlling, etc. Point of Sale (POS) or checkout is the place where a transaction occurs in exchange for goods or services. Receipt a written acknowledgement that something, as goods, money, etc. Sales the act of selling or exchanging something or some services for an agreed some money. Chapter II RESEARCH AND SOFTWARE DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN Method of Research Used The fundamental concentration of this study endorses the systematically and orderly gathering of all necessary data in accomplishing and completing the study. Using systematized procedures which involve a series of essential activities will lead the researchers to the development of the study. The first step in finding solution starts with a deeper understanding of the current status of the study. By doing this, different problems within the system can be identified and therefore seeking for appropriate solutions will be needed for the improvement of existing system. Data gathering procedure such as personal observation, research, survey questionnaires, and interview will be used for the acquisition of relevant data. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD The Descriptive Method is a fact finding approach with adequate interpretation. This method allows the researcher to collect data and to report from the point of view of some objectives and basic assumption of the study. It also analyses and interprets the status of the system currently in use. This method of research focuses on process, analysis, and interpretation of data being collected. It involves the interpretation of the change and supplementary training is conducted, as needed. Changes are recommended via the Change Control Authority. Evaluate/assess program performance Once the new system is up and running for a while, it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be kept up rigorously at all times. Users of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modifications and procedures. Data Gathering Tools These are set of activities that focus in the production of data for the system to be developed. The following instruments were used for data gathering as a technique in acquiring as much as possible reliable information needed to more scientific investigation of the application to be analyzed: QUESTIONAIRE These are written and/or printed form comprising a series of question presented to a number of persons to obtain data for survey purpose. The researchers created survey questions to determine the point of view of the respondents regarding the problems that made the researchers come up with the proposed study. INTERVIEW In this part of techniques in gathering data or information. It is defined as a purposeful face-to-face relationship between two persons one of whom called interviewer who ask question to gather information and the other interviewee or respondents who supplies the information asked for. The researchers gathered data from person who are related to the subject of the study to determine the problems and able to define the ways on how to solve them. Software Evaluation This method of data gathering involves evaluation of the study and the system to the respondents. The researchers implied this tool to make it easier to gather information and feedback on the proposed study. Software evaluation is based on ISO 9126 Observation This method is used to identify and analyze the problem and the needs of the respondents. Observation is considered as the most direct means of studying people as far as behavior is concerned. The researchers used their senses in order to investigate the constraints that will affect the planning and implementation of the proposed system. The sense of sight is the most important and the most used among all the 5 senses. During observation, the researcher discovers certain that let them come up with the proposed study. Statistical Tools The statistical treatment is used in determining the measures of reliability and compared data between sampling and/or measures points. Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of the data in the right form. Raw data collection in only aspect of any experiment; the organization of data is equally important so that appropriate conclusion can be drawn. Weighted Mean Also known as the Average, it is defined as the sum of all scores of data divided by the numbers of scores in the data. The mean denoted by X of the scores X1, X2, X3†¦ is given by the formula: X= ∑fx/N Where: X = MeanN = Total number of scores f = frequencyx = Score in the distribution ∑ = Sum of all scores Likert’s Scale The researchers use a numerical scale, the Likert’s scale method to interpret the events of the evaluation to be made. A scale which respondents indicate their level of conformity with declaration that express favorable attitude towards a concept being deliberated. Rating Analytical Tools Interviews: with this tool we find that the company needs our proposal study. Observation: we observed that the company lost their transaction report sometimes and forgot to list the material that they used to create a finish product. Questionnaire: we find out that the company wants to use our proposal study. CHAPTER III PRESENTATION OF DATA, INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND SOFTWARE PRODUCT ANALYSIS PROJECT DESCRIPTION System General Features and System Function Figure 4-1: System Security User’s is to choose one of the Log-in forms, if they choose the admin log-in form they will be log in as admin but if they choose the employee log-in they will be log-in as employee. Figure 4-2: Admin Log-in Form User allows inputting a valid username and password of admin account to access the system. Figure 4-3: Employee Log-in Form User allows inputting a valid username and password of employee account to access the system. Figure 4-4: Splash Screen System is loading after logging in the admin/employee log-in form. It takes a few seconds before go to the main form. Figure 4-5: Main Form Main form: allow user to select inventory, sales and reports and transaction. The manage account is only for the admin, if you log-in as admin, you can manage the existing account can also create a new account. If you log-in as admin, you can add a new item, add a stock of items, view all current stocks, and print all records of inventory, daily or between dates and by category. But if you log-in as employee you cannot add the number of stocks. In sales and report, admin and employee allow printing transaction (daily, between dates, all) and installment transaction (by amount, have no balance, all). In transaction users allows creating transaction, canceling transaction and viewing the entire installment transaction. Figure 4-6: Inventory Allows admin to add a new item, add a stock of items, view all current stocks, and print all records of inventory, daily or between dates. But if you log-in as employee you cannot add the number of stocks. Figure 4-7: Current Stock Form Both admin and employee can view this form but only the admin can add the number of the stock of items. Figure 4-8: Add new Item Form The users allow adding new item. First click the â€Å"ADDNEW†button to enable the objects, second, user allows to input item type if the item category is not exist but if the item category is exist users allow to select from the combo box, input a unique item name, quantity of stocks, price per item and select the size. Figure 4-9: Updating Current Stock Form Simply select item name or type in the textbox and click the search button to view the number of stock of the item you select, after searching/selecting item name you can add the number of the item you selected. Figure 4-10: Printing Inventory Reports Form Simply select date to print all records in between dates, also in category select a category of item to print and click the preview button of all record to print all recorded item in the system. Figure 4-11: Sales and Report Form In Sales and Report Form, user allows printing transaction, simply choosing category to be print (all, daily, between dates) and printing of transaction of installment, the same in the transaction, users allows to choose either all, amount or 0 balance. Click the generate button after selecting from the category. Figure 4-12: Transaction In transaction both admin and employee allow to create transaction, cancel transaction, adding of payment for the installment transaction. Simply clicking the text and it goes to the different form of transaction. Figure 4-13: Creating Transaction Form In creating transaction user will input the customer name, address and contact number, then select the item to be sold and the payment, if the payment is installment it allow user to input the 50% of the total price. Figure 4-14: Cancelling Transaction Form In cancelling transaction form, the user must be select first the record to be cancel after clicking the record the form inform the user to input the admin code to cancel the transaction. Figure 4-15: Installment Transaction Form In installment transaction form, user will allow to select the record of customer who has a balance, after selecting user must be input the balance if the customers pay for it. Click save button to update the record and print receipt. Figure 4-18: Managing Accounts Form In managing accounts form, user allow to select in any control button, if they select the log-in other admin account the system goes to the log-in form of the admin, if the create new account selected, it goes to the creating new account form, in changing admin code, it goes to the changing account form. Figure 4-17: Managing Accounts Form In creating new account, user must be select if admin or employee the account to be creates then enter a unique username and password. After creating an account you can now use the account to be created. Figure 4-18: Changing Admin Code Form Changing Admin Code form is to change the security code that used in many process of this system. Simply input the old admin code and the new admin code and click the save button to update the new admin code. Excellent Table 5.6 Software Evaluation for all Criterion The table 5.6 shows the overall rating of all system software criteria. The system software scored 4.72 which equivalent to excellent rating. The system software performance met what is aligned with software evaluation and exhibits excellent in all criteria. Recommendation The developer of Sales and Inventory Management system would like to recommend the following improvement of the system, and also would like to recommend some ideas on innovation regarding the use of Sales and Inventory Management System. 1. The researchers would like to propose and additional enhancement on Sales and Inventory Management System, additional improvement like sounds alert, but the first intention of the researchers is to develop a system that will easily to use. 2. Enhance the GUI or Graphical User Interface of the system. This will give more interactivity and nice looking for the company users. 3. The researcher would like also to propose for future developers and/or researchers to develop a Sale and Inventory Management System that can be used via internet. 4. A Sales and Inventory Management System created for keeping reason is also recommend by the researchers. Company management can use this system online if the recommendation number 3 will done. CONCLUSION After gathering information on Sales and Inventory Management System (SIMS) and conducted a software evaluation, we are come up with the conclusion that this study will be very helpful to many company as well as the business industry to minimize error on recording inventories and every day transaction. Â
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Hunting Is An Efficient And Eco Friendly Way Of...
The impression that a lot of people have of hunters is that they are just cold-blooded murderers who just kill for the fun of it, but that is a simple misconception. What people fail to see is that hunting is actually an efficient and eco-friendly way of controlling the animal population. Many organizations endorse and assist in the process of conservation hunting, â€Å"In 1907, only 41,000 elk remained in North America. Thanks to the money and hard work invested by hunters to restore and conserve habitat, today there are more than 1 million†(Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation). Hunting allows a person to enjoy the wilderness and learn about the ecosystem in an immersive way. Hunting has a bad reputation solely based on people’s opinions of firearms and of animal cruelty, and those opinions have been formed without proper information on the matter and without exposure to hunting itself. â€Å"Avid hunter Theodore Roosevelt created our national forests and grasslands and forever protected 230 million acres for wildlife and the public to use and enjoy†(R.M.E.F.). With all of the nation’s natural beauty, the idea that animal populations can grow too large and create a bad situation for the animal in its habitat does not cross a person’s mind. Although some believe hunting to be a mindless and terrible form of animal cruelty, hunting helps the environment by controlling population and preserving ecosystems, while also allowing people to use their passions for the wilderness and firearmsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Green Infrastructure4124 Words  | 17 Pagesinto the built environment, green infrastructure provides not only stormwater management, but also flood mitigation, air quality management, and much more. Programmes in green infrastructure Provides information on how you can get involved including ways to protect human health and the environment by raising awareness about potential threats to your drinking water, local rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands, the fish and shellfish you eat, and aquatic ecosystems. Adopt Your Watershed – This program challengesRead MoreUNIT 5 ASSIGNMENT RESEARCH PROJECT3849 Words  | 16 Pageswill be necessary to observe objectively using the techniques and tools required during the process. Discipline needs to be applied thus evaluating results with confidence and put into action objectively. In this scientific age all of us are in many ways consumers of research results and we are able to judge the adequacy of the methods by which they have been obtained. The knowledge of methodology helps the consumer research results by evaluating thus enables rational decisions. Primary research –Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words  | 922 Pagesvaluable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious readRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words  | 1186 PagesUniversity; Michael Ensby, Clarkson University; Eldon Larsen, Marshall University; Steve Machon, DeVry University–Tinley Park; William Matthews, William Patterson University; Erin Sims, DeVry University–Pomona; Kenneth Solheim, DeVry University–Federal Way; and Oya Tukel, Cleveland State University. In the fifth editi on we continue to commit to improving the text content and improving instruction of project management. We are grateful to those reviewers who provided helpful critiques and insights on theRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words  | 1351 Pagescommunications 12.14 Distribution strategies and the distribution plan 12.15 Channel management 12.16 The ‘soft’ elements of the marketing mix CONTENTS ix 12.17 Integrating the elements of the marketing mix 12.18 Summary Stage Four: Which way is best? Strategic evaluation 13 Criteria of choice 13.1 Learning objectives 13.2 Introduction 13.3 Financial versus non-financial criteria; effectiveness versus efficiency 13.4 Financial criteria 13.5 Non-financial criteria 13.6 Multiple criteria 13Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words  | 1573 PagesImplications for Managers 533 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s the Right Organizational Culture for Me? 512 glOBalization! Face Culture, Dignity Culture, and Organizational Culture 515 Myth or Science? â€Å"Employees Treat Customers the Same Way the Organization Treats Them†518 An Ethical Choice Designing a Culture of Ethical Voice 526 xviii CONTENTS S A L Self-Assessment Library How Spiritual Am I? 531 Point/Counterpoint Organizations Should Strive to Create a Positive
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
The Second Amendment - 1407 Words
â€Å"They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety.†This quote from Benjamin Franklin illustrates how an emphasis on safety can drastically reduce the freedoms enjoyed by citizens of the United States, especially the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution which states that â€Å"...the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.†However, with active shooter situations such as Columbine; the Tucson, Arizona shootings, which nearly killed former Representative Gabrielle Giffords; and recent situations at Newtown, Connecticut; Los Angeles International Airport; and Westfield Garden State Plaza mall in New Jersey, the federal government has questioned this†¦show more content†¦12). If somebody were to invade a home, that owner deserves to have the right to pull a gun to defend him or herself. â€Å"The police can’t protect everyone, instantly, 24-hours a day, seven- days-a-week. And the fact that victims might be able to defend themselves can also deter criminals†(Lott par. 14). Almost every parent at some point tells their child, â€Å"Don’t put your fingers in the electrical outlet, or you’ll get shocked.†Naturally, the child will put his or her fingers in the outlet just to see what will happen. After getting shocked, the child will cry. The parent will then say, â€Å"I told you not to do that.†This is part of human nature. Everybody thinks that they know best and nobody else can tell them what to do. This situation would also apply to gun control, as more gun control laws would cause criminals to push the envelope even more and commit more crimes involving guns. When the state of Illinois passed Concealed Carry legislation this last summer, many who believe in the right to bear arms as defined in the Constitution hailed this as a victory and could not wait to obtain the right to carry concealed weapons. Tom Gibbons, the State’s Attorney for Madison County, gave citizens of the county the right to carry before the official signature of Governor Pat Quinn in a press release dated June 6, 2013. In the press release, Gibbons said that to deny this right to law-abidingShow MoreRelatedThe Second Amendment And The Amendment903 Words  | 4 PagesThe truth to the statement that â€Å"Texas has a love affair with the 2nd amendment more than any of the other amendments†is circumstantial depending on the interpretation of the 2nd amendment. The second amendment is the most challenged amendment because it is so vaguely worded and not straight forward. 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